silver nps (agnps)  (Aladdin Industrial Corporation)

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S122178

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) In the absence of Toxoplasma gondii infection, the host monolayers were treated with NPs at the effective anti- T. gondii concentration and cell viability was determined after 72 h incubation. ( B ) Freshly lysed and purified parasites were allowed to invade growing HFF cells for 1 h. The infection medium was then removed, and fresh medium containing NPs was added. After 48 h incubation, growth inhibition was determined using a luciferase reporter assay. ( C ) Purified parasite suspension and NPs were added to growing HFFs and incubated for 1 h. Then the infection medium was replaced with fresh medium, and the cells were incubated for an additional 48 h. Growth inhibition was determined using a luciferase reporter assay. ( D ) Purified parasite suspension and NPs were added to growing HFF monolayers and incubated for 48 h before growth curves were prepared based on data from a luciferase reporter assay system. ( E ) Freshly purified parasites were incubated with NPs under extracellular conditions for 12 h. Notes: The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=3). α is significant at P <0.05 relative to the control. Experiment was in triplicate and performed three times independently. Abbreviations: AgNP, silver nanoparticle; AuNP, gold nanoparticle; HFFs, human foreskin fibroblasts; PtNP, platinum nanoparticle; SEM, standard error of the mean; NPs, nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: Inorganic NPs, including gold NPs (AuNPs; 5 nm), silver NPs (AgNPs; 10 nm), and platinum NPs (PtNPs; 3 nm), were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Concentration Assay, Incubation, Purification, Inhibition, Luciferase, Reporter Assay

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S122178

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Invading parasites were treated with nanoparticles (NPs) for 24 h after which the parasites were harvested and used to infect fresh HFF monolayers. ( B ) Invading parasites were treated with NPs for 48 h after which the parasites were harvested and used to infect fresh HFF monolayers. ( C ) Extracellular parasites were treated with NPs for 12 h after which the parasites were harvested and used to infect fresh HFF monolayers. Notes: Parasite infectivity was determined after 48 h incubation. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=3). α is significant at P <0.05 relative to the control. Experiment was in triplicate and performed three times independently. Abbreviations: AgNP, silver nanoparticle; AuNP, gold nanoparticle; HFF, human foreskin fibroblast; PtNP, platinum nanoparticle; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Article Snippet: Inorganic NPs, including gold NPs (AuNPs; 5 nm), silver NPs (AgNPs; 10 nm), and platinum NPs (PtNPs; 3 nm), were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Incubation

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S122178

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Invading parasites were treated with NPs for 12 h after which the medium was removed, the cells were washed thoroughly, and the medium was replaced. The cells were incubated for another 24 h after which the reversibility of treatment was evaluated through growth curve determinations. ( B ) Invading parasites were treated with NPs for 24 h after which the medium was removed, the cells were washed thoroughly, and the medium was replaced. The cells were incubated for another 24 h after which the reversibility of treatment was evaluated through growth curve determinations. ( C ) Growing HFF monolayers were pretreated with NPs for 24 h after which the pretreated host cells were washed thoroughly with fresh medium. Freshly purified parasites were then allowed to invade and infect the pretreated HFF monolayers, and the parasite growth potential was determined after 24 h. Notes: The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=3). α is significant at P <0.05 relative to the control. Experiment was in triplicate and performed three times independently. Abbreviations: AgNP, silver nanoparticle; AuNP, gold nanoparticle; HFF, human foreskin fibroblast; NP, nanoparticle; PtNP, platinum nanoparticle; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Article Snippet: Inorganic NPs, including gold NPs (AuNPs; 5 nm), silver NPs (AgNPs; 10 nm), and platinum NPs (PtNPs; 3 nm), were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Incubation, Purification

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S122178

Figure Lengend Snippet: IF staining of infected HFF cells that were treated with nanoparticles (NPs). Notes: ( A ) Freshly purified parasite suspension and NPs were added to growing HFF monolayers on coverslips. Invasion was allowed for 1 h before IF staining. ( B ) Freshly purified parasite suspensions were added to growing HFF monolayers on coverslips. Invasion was allowed for 1 h after which the infection medium was replaced with fresh medium containing NPs. IF staining of intracellular parasites was carried out after 12 h incubation. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=3). α is significant at P <0.05 relative to the control. Experiment was performed three times independently. Abbreviations: AgNP, silver nanoparticle; AuNP, gold nanoparticle; HFF, human foreskin fibroblast; IF, immunofluorescence; PtNP, platinum nanoparticle; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Article Snippet: Inorganic NPs, including gold NPs (AuNPs; 5 nm), silver NPs (AgNPs; 10 nm), and platinum NPs (PtNPs; 3 nm), were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Staining, Infection, Purification, Incubation, Immunofluorescence

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S122178

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Number of parasites per vacuole at 24 hpi. IF staining to estimate the number of parasites based on 100 parasitophorus vacuoles after treatment with nanoparticles (NPs) at the effective anti- Toxoplasma gondii concentration. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=3). α is significant at P <0.05 relative to the control. Experiment was performed three times independently. ( B ) Representative fluorescent images showing replicating tachyzoites (RH-2F strain) only. ( C ) Replicating tachyzoites (RH-2F strain) with nuclear staining (DAPI) for the intracellular replication by IF assay. IF staining was performed at different time points following treatment with nanoparticles at the effective anti- T. gondii concentration. Mock treatment, culture medium only. Abbreviations: AgNP, silver nanoparticle; AuNP, gold nanoparticle; IF, immunofluorescence; PtNP, platinum nanoparticle; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Article Snippet: Inorganic NPs, including gold NPs (AuNPs; 5 nm), silver NPs (AgNPs; 10 nm), and platinum NPs (PtNPs; 3 nm), were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Staining, Concentration Assay, Immunofluorescence

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S122178

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of NPs on parasite redox status by measuring intracellular ROS production. Notes: ( A ) The relative ROS level in the parasite was determined after 8 h of treatment with NPs. ( B ) The parasite-infected HFF monolayers were treated with NPs for 8 h, after which the treatment was removed. The relative ROS level was determined 12 h after the removal of the NPs. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=6). The * is significant at P <0.0001 relative to the control. Experiment was in triplicate and performed three times independently. Abbreviations: AgNP, silver nanoparticle; AuNP, gold nanoparticle; NP, nanoparticle; PtNP, platinum nanoparticle; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Article Snippet: Inorganic NPs, including gold NPs (AuNPs; 5 nm), silver NPs (AgNPs; 10 nm), and platinum NPs (PtNPs; 3 nm), were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Infection

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S122178

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of NPs on parasite mitochondrial membrane potential. Notes: A cell-permeable rhodamine-based dye (MitoRed), which localizes to mitochondria and emits fluorescence, was used. The interaction of MitoRed with the mitochondria is dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential. ( A ) The relative fluorescence intensity of MitoRed in parasite mitochondria after 8 h of treatment with NPs. ( B ) The parasite-infected HFF monolayers were treated with NPs for 8 h, after which the treatment was removed. The relative fluorescence intensity of MitoRed in the parasite mitochondria was evaluated 12 h after removal of the NPs. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=6). The * is significant at P <0.0001 relative to the control. Experiment was in triplicate and performed three times independently. Abbreviations: AgNP, silver nanoparticle; AuNP, gold nanoparticle; NP, nanoparticle; PtNP, platinum nanoparticle; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Article Snippet: Inorganic NPs, including gold NPs (AuNPs; 5 nm), silver NPs (AgNPs; 10 nm), and platinum NPs (PtNPs; 3 nm), were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Infection